DNA buffers are aqueous solutions formulated to stabilize DNA, maintain optimal pH and ionic strength, inhibit nucleases, and support enzymatic reactions involving DNA (extraction, storage, amplification, digestion, ligation, sequencing)..

RNA buffers are specially formulated solutions used for RNA isolation, handling, storage, and analysis. They are designed to stabilize RNA and inhibit RNases, which are ubiquitous and highly destructive..

Cloning buffers are specially formulated solutions used at different steps of molecular cloning to ensure optimal enzyme activity, DNA stability, ligation efficiency, and transformation success..

Sequencing buffers are optimized chemical solutions used during DNA sequencing reactions to maintain proper pH, ionic strength, enzyme activity, and nucleotide incorporation efficiency. Their composition varies depending on the sequencing technology..

Biological buffers are aqueous solutions that resist changes in pH and maintain a stable environment required for enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and biochemical reactions..